SOCIAL MEDIA

Rangkuman Chapter 4

SOCIAL MEDIA

Perkembangan dan integrasi teknologi semakin membawa kemudahan di dalam masyarakat. Salah satunya yang paling mudah dirasakan adalah kehadiran teknologi internet yang memberi manfaat komunikasi tanpa batasan tempat dan waktu. Salah satu pertumbuhan terbesar di internet saat ini adalah pengguna media sosial. Seorang pengguna media sosial bisa mengakses menggunakan media sosial dengan jaringan internet bahkan yang aksesnya lambat sekalipun, tanpa biaya besar, tanpa alat mahal dan dilakukan sendiri tanpa karyawan.

Dalam media sosial, manusia akan menjadi manusia biasa yang bisa menjadi dirinya sendiri. Manusia biasa yang saling membagi ide, bekerjasama, dan berkolaborasi untuk menciptakan kreasi, berfikir, berdebat, menemukan orang yang bisa menjadi teman baik, menemukan pasangan , dan membangun sebuah komunitas.

Definisi Media Sosial :

• Menurut Wikipedia
  Media Sosial adalah sebuah media online dimana para penggunanya bisa dengan mudah berpartisipasi, berbagi, dan menciptakan isi meliputi blog, sosial network atau jejaring sosial, wiki, forum dan dunia virtual.
• Menurut Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein
  Social media as “ a group of internet-based applications that build on the ideological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content”

Kesimpulan:

Media Sosial adalah interaksi sosial online dengan menggunakan teknologi berbasis web untuk dapat saling berkomunikasi, berpartisipasi, berbagi dan menciptakan content sesuai dengan kreativitas dan inovasi masing-masing individu.

Tren hubungan sosial di era sekarang ini, tentunya semakin berkembang, ditambah dengan kehadiran teknologi web 2.0 contohnya seperti facebook dan twitter.

Selain menghubungkan lingkaran komunitas teman, media sosial juga mulai tampak menggantikan media massa conventional dalam menyebarkan berita-berita dari luar komunitas tersebut.

Konektor Sosial :

5 Buah karakteristik yang bisa diidentifikasikan dalam hubungan konektor sosial adalah Status and Self Esteem, Expressing Identity, Giving and Getting help, Affiliation and belonging dan Sense of Community.
1.) Status and Self Esteem >> Keinginan untuk diakui dan dihargai mungkin menyamai
atau lebih tinggi daripada keinginan aktualisasi diri.
2.) Expressing Identity >> Keinginan mengekspresikan identitasnya yang unik.
3.) Giving and Getting Help >>Mendapat pengakuan dan status, mencari dan
memberikan bantuan merupakan komponen penting dalam
interaksi sosial.
4.) Affiliation and Belonging >>Kecenderungan untuk mendambakan bagian dari sesuatu
yang lebih besar.
5.) Sense of Community >>Keinginan berkumpul dan menjadi bagian dari sesuatu yang
dapat menopangnya dari kesulitan.

Pertumbuhan Media Sosial

Berdasarkan eMarketer, Jumlah pengguna media sosial dari tahun ke tahun meningkat. Pertumbuhan paling cepat dimiliki oleh pasar berkembang di seluruh dunia.

• Dampak Internet >> Dampak ketergantungan akan internet terutama media sosial, akan mampu mentransformasikan dan membebaskan individu, membebaskan potensinya ,membebaskan kreativitasnya dan membebaskan kapabilitasnya.
• Media Sosial dipengaruhi oleh :
  ~ Pertumbuhan pengguna Mobile Phone dan Internet
  ~ Kecepatan Bendwith Internet
  ~ Biaya Internet yang semakin murah
  ~ Kecepatan Informasi yang bisa diakses dalam hitungan detik
  ~ Tren kehadiran Web 2.0
  ~ Turunnya peminat media sosial berbasis konventional

Trend Media Sosial

Inovasi teknologi memang memicu perubahan trend dan semangat dari pengguna internet. Walau begitu, perlu disadari bahwa yang membuat komunikasi melalui medium digital kian menarik adalah seberapa besar kualitas dan jumlah individu yang aktif melalui dunia digital. Karena media sosial adalah bukan soal teknologi tetapi lebih kepada manusia itu sendiri. Trend Media Sosial dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut :

1.) SoLoMo ( Social,Location and Mobile )
Platform SoLoMo memberikan kita motivasi untuk lebih mengenal kehidupan sosial yang terjadi disekitar rumah kita atau di lokasi yang sedang kita tempati.

2.) Gamification

Gamification adalah proses mengaplikasikan mekanisme atau aturan permainan yang ada didalam game kepada aktifitas non-game untuk tujuan tertentu. Dua elemen dasar yangharus dipenuhi ketika kita menciptakan sebuah gamification kepada sebuah aktivitas atau kampanye marketing yang hendak kita jalankan adalah Game Mechanics dan Game Dynamics.

~Game Mechanics adalah macam-macam aktifitas atau peraturan yang biasa diterapkan dalam sebuah game yang biasa diterapkan seperti poin, level dan tantangan yang dikumpulkan menjadi satu sehingga menciptakan sebuah game experience.
~Game Dynamics adalah rasa senang yang dihasilkan dari sebuah game experience sehingga membuat orang menjadi termotivasi dan semangat.

3.) Augmented Reality >> akan mengubah cara kita memandang dunia atau setidaknya cara penggunanya melihat dunia.

4.) Alternate Reality >> Teknik menentukan nasib atau jalan cerita dari sebuah game berdasarkan dari keputusan yang dilakukan disetiap scene yang dilaluinya.

5.) Social TV

TV selalu menjadi kekuatan utama dari media tradisional. Akan tetapi datanglah internet dan media sosial yang setelah itu diprediksikan oleh banyak orang akan menggeser dominasi dari TV. Social TV juga didukung oleh perilaku orang ketika menonton TV yang tidak hanya melihat kepada layar televisi saja tetapi juga bisa sambil melihat layar laptop, tablet, atau smartphone.

Bisnis Berbasiskan Komunitas-Medi Sosial

Berdasarkan sisi konsumen, penciptaan manfaat diawali dari refleksi atas pengalamannya dalam mengonsumsi produk atau jasa.Bisnis yang berbasis komunitas pengguna di seluruh dunia ini pada gilirannya akan menghasilkan imbalan finansial yang luar biasa. Selain sangat inofatif, mereka memiliki ciri-ciri penting lainnya yang bisa diadopsi untuk membangun bisnis berbasis komunitas melalui teknologi informasi, antara lain :

1.) Almost Base On Internet

Pengguna Internet tidak perlu mengeluarkan biaya operasional yang besar, jangkauan komunitasnya jauh lebih luas dan jauh lebih cepat penyebaran informasi.

2.) Buzz Strategy

Arti kata Buzz adalah “bising”. Dalam hal ini, buzz strategy yang dimaksud adalah dengan membuat strategi supaya produk yang dijual bisa ramai dibicarakan oleh banyak orang dan menjadi sesuatu yang popular.

3.) Pop Culture Based

Bisnis berbasis teknologi yang saat ini berkembang umumnya menyajikan fitur fitur dengan tema yang sedang populer atau menjadi mainstream gaya hidup zaman sekarang sehingga produk yang ditawarkan dapat diterima oleh pasar.

4.) Fun and Innovative

Fitur yang disajikan harus selalu menyenangkan, menstimulasi dan menarik perhatian pengguna.

5.) Same Opportunity

Setiap pengguna memiliki kesempatan yang sama untuk memanfaatkan fitur yang ditawarkan.

6.) Personalized

Memungkinkan pengguna melakukan penyesuaian secara penuh terhadap fitur-fitur sehingga platform tersebut bisa digunakan sebagai media untuk mengekspresikan dirinya.

Artikel B.Inggris With Summary

Introduction To Coincident And Lagging Economic Indicators

If leading economic indicators are designed to help investors understand where the economy is heading, coincident and lagging indicators suggest where we are and where we've been. Many of the most familiar and widely reported economic statistics are coincident indicators, all of which release monthly. This article outlines some of the major indicators and their uses.

Coincident Indicators: Inflation
Producer Price Index (PPI)
Released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) second or third week of the month, the Producer Price Index (PPI) tracks price changes at the wholesale level, breaking out data for commodities and intermediate and finished goods.
The report's methodology uses a "basket-of-goods" approach to simulate the overall economy and incorporates hedonic adjustments to account for qualitative changes in products. As such, the PPI number is somewhat manufactured. It typically predicts the Consumer Price Index number very well, but due to its abstraction, it may be less indicative of what is actually taking place in the economy.
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
Also released by the BLS second or third week of the month, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) tracks price changes at the retail consumer level, again using the basket-of-goods approach. It, too, is a manufactured number. It is widely equated with the inflation rate but has a number of flaws. The core rate excludes volatile energy and food prices. The chain-weighted index models the substitution effect – the theory that buyers will purchase more of a less-costly item as the price of a similar item rises – as consumers react to rising prices. Some economists suggest that it intentionally understates inflation, as the government uses it to adjust Social Security payments. Regardless, the Federal Reserve pays close attention to the CPI in setting monetary policy.
Retail Sales Report
The Retail Sales Report is released by the Census Bureau and the Department of Commerce on or around the 13th of the month. This report acts like a leading indicator in that increases often precede higher CPI numbers, and decreases raise the specter of recession. The data is highly detailed; investors can look at specific industries in which they hold positions. The figures vary widely from month to month, necessitating the use of moving averages. And although the data is fresh, revisions released two months after the initial report can dramatically alter the picture it presents.
Personal Income And Outlays
The Personal Income and Outlays is released 4-5 weeks after the month end by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). It tracks incomes, spending and, by deduction, personal savings rates. Data is typically two months old, and the information follows the CPI report by several weeks. Despite this, the Fed pays at least as much attention to this report as it does the CPI in setting monetary policy.

Coincident Indicators: Production and Foreign Trade

Industrial Production Report
The Industrial Production Report is a Federal Reserve product. It is released on or around 16th of the month. As manufacturing occupies an increasingly smaller place in the overall economy, this report's importance has diminished over time. The Fed watches it more closely than many analysts do, since it will reflect increases in raw materials' prices early on and it is procyclic. Unfortunately, it ignores the burgeoning service sector, as well as construction activity.
Non-Manufacturing Report
The Institute of Supply Management (ISM) puts out the Non-Manufacturing Report. The report is released on third business day of the month. Initiated in 1998, this report tracks the growing service sector of the economy, providing information not found elsewhere. It collects rather imprecise "higher, same or lower" responses concerning business activity from purchasing managers. However, when combined with the ISM's Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) report, it covers roughly 90% of the economy.
Trade Balance Report
The Trade Balance Report, from the Census Bureau, is a comprehensive report that examines U.S. exports and imports and includes data for the service and financial sectors. The most publicized component of the report is the current account balance, the "net" figure that has been negative for decades. The size of the monthly deficit is a countercyclical indicator, declining during recessions and increasing during expansions. Rising domestic interest rates typically cause the dollar to rise against foreign currencies, depressing exports and widening the trade deficit.
Lagging Economic Indicators

For most investors, lagging economic indicators are of little practical use. The Fed's monthly Consumer Credit report is generally up staged by the Consumer Confidence and Retail Sales reports. It is released around 5 weeks after the month end. The Employee Situation Report, released on first Friday of the month by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, contains little information that can't be gleaned from weekly unemployment claims information. It sheds little light beyond whether people are working or not. And the monthly Wholesale Trade Report from the Census Bureau contains stale data regarding supply and demand imbalances. It is released on or around 9th of the month.
About Quarterly Reports:

Three quarterly reports can function as indicators:

1.) Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

2.) Employee Cost Index (ECI)

3.) Productivity Report

The GDP is the mother of all indicators, and the other two are virtually inconsequential. The GDP growth rate, a coincident indicator from the BEA, measures the extent to which the overall economy is growing or shrinking. It is the most macro of the indicators, requiring months to calculate and several more months after release to finalize and revise. It is released on the last day of each quarter.
Analysts look for two consecutive quarters of negative real GDP growth before calling a recession, putting them roughly seven months behind the man in the street. In today's large economy, the "turning a battleship" analogy applies as the report does little more than confirm what most investors already know, and it doesn't change anything.
The other two quarterly reports from the BLS - the ECI and the Productivity Report - are generally ignored by most analysts. The ECI, released on the last day of each quarter, is a lagging indicator and is more useful for business managers wishing to compare their company's labor costs to their industry than it is for investors. Last and least, the Productivity Report is derived from other previously released reports and contains very little new information.

Summary

Leading economic indicators are designed to help investors understand where the economy is heading, coincident and lagging indicators suggest where we are and where we've been.

Coincident Indicators: Inflation

~ Producer Price Index (PPI)>>the Producer Price Index (PPI) tracks price changes at the wholesale level, breaking out data for commodities and intermediate and finished goods.

~ Consumer Price Index (CPI)>> the Consumer Price Index (CPI) tracks price changes at the retail consumer level, again using the basket-of-goods approach.The core rate excludes volatile energy and food prices. Some economists suggest that it intentionally understates inflation, as the government uses it to adjust Social Security payments.

~ Retail Sales Report>> This report acts like a leading indicator in that increases often precede higher CPI numbers, and decreases raise the specter of recession. The data is highly detailed; investors can look at specific industries in which they hold positions.

~ Personal Income And Outlays>> released 4-5 weeks after the month end by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) by deduction, personal savings rates.

Coincident Indicators: Production and Foreign Trade

~ Industrial Production Report>> As manufacturing occupies an increasingly smaller place in the overall economy

~ Non-Manufacturing Report>>this report tracks the growing service sector of the economy, providing information not found elsewhere.
~ The Trade Balance Report, from the Census Bureau, is a comprehensive report that examines U.S. exports and imports and includes data for the service and financial sectors.

Lagging Economic Indicators

For most investors, lagging economic indicators are of little practical use.The Employee Situation Report, released on first Friday of the month by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, contains little information that can't be gleaned from weekly unemployment claims information.

1.) Gross Domestic Product (GDP)>> The GDP growth rate, a coincident indicator from the BEA, measures the extent to which the overall economy is growing or shrinking.

2.) Employee Cost Index (ECI)

3.) Productivity Report

A plethora of economic indicators is available to investors, some of which are more useful than others. Whether you're looking for a current status overview of the economy or a specific sector, or you wish to confirm an established trend, a coincident or lagging indicator can help.